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AP Lab & Field Activities: Project Background & Rationale
Through a combination of hands-on science lab kits, virtual learning tools and customized digital curriculum, eScience Labs helps higher education institutions expand and strengthen science comprehension. Why eScience Labs? REAL-WORLD EXPERIMENTS Developed by PhDs with student safety in mind. LABORATORY SERVICES BRANCH. LABORATORY OPERATIONS. QUALITY ASSURANCE MANUAL. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY LABORATORY SERVICES AND APPLIED SCIENCE DIVISION. 980 COLLEGE STATION ROAD ATHENS, GEORGIA. Concurrences and Approvals: (1) Name: Sandra Aker Phone: 706-355-8772. Title: Branch Chief, Laboratory. In the summer of 2019, the College Board released their redesign for the AP Environmental Science (APES) Course and Exam Description (CED). I made the decision to re-align the 'regular' Environmental Science course curriculum with the College Board's APES CED because I felt it could help improve APES exam scores while also giving all students a better experience in the course. Stay Connected. P: (888) 462-6651 F: (888) 806-7220. Hayden-McNeil 14903 Pilot Drive Plymouth, MI 48170.
Abstract
The following narrative gives an overview of the underlying reasons for establishing a series of lab and field activities for the AP Environmental Science (APES) course for posting on the Internet Web sites of the College Board and the Environmental Literacy Council. The background as to how the project came about and how it progressed is described. Basically it was driven by requests from teachers! The section of the Course Description relating to Lab and Field Investigations is provided, as well as a list of example lab resource manuals. The outcomes of a meeting of both high school APES teachers and college instructors of environmental science are discussed. First, a list of parameters that constitute a good APES lab are highlighted, and the rationale behind incorporating inquiry-based strategies into such labs is explained with reference to the National Science Education Standards. The agreed format for posting APES labs on the Web is then shown.
Introduction
When I have run workshops for the College Board and other institutions on the AP course in Environmental Science, the attending teachers have put forward a string of similar questions. For example, these range from advice on which textbook to use and how to best prepare their students for the APES Exam to specifics regarding different elements of the course syllabus. The perennial questions have always been related to the laboratory and field section of the course. How many labs should I do? What topics should the labs focus on? What type of field trips are the best? Should I do all of the examples provided in the Course Description? Does the APES course have a set of required labs like the AP Biology course does? Speaking with other APES consultants, it was apparent that we were all being asked the same thing no matter where we were located throughout the country!
It was clear there was an ongoing need for providing assistance to APES teachers when it comes to the lab and field section of the course. Instructors new to the profession, or new to the course, were requesting more guidance than they felt was being provided in the APES Course Description. I decided to focus my attention on a project relating to labs for APES. I first proposed such an initiative at the APES Exam Reading several years ago and have now been able to follow through on this idea as part of my sabbatical.
Why were the teachers having difficulty in deciding which laboratory and field investigations to conduct with their students? There are many answers to that question. One answer is that some teachers were coming into teaching APES from a physical science background and had little experience with labs involving ecological studies, for example. Others had a limited budget and wanted to make sure they provided their students with the most cost-effective lab experience. Some teachers did not have lab periods assigned to their courses and wanted guidance about which labs they should definitely do to provide the best experience for the students as part of the course and to prepare for the exam. In some cases, field trips were difficult to arrange due to constraints such as time and expense.
Just as there are many reasons why teachers need guidance on APES labs, there are many different solutions that teachers could pursue in determining a good set of labs to use in their classes. Let's start at the beginning and look at what the APES Course Description says about lab and field activities.
The following narrative is taken from the APES Course Description. It is the section that is specific to APES lab and field activities. I tell teachers that they need to keep this description in mind as they design the lab and field component for their own course.
Laboratory and Field Investigation (pages 9 and 10 in the APES Course Description)
Because it is designed to be a course in environmental science rather than in environmental studies, the AP Environmental Science course must include a strong laboratory and field investigation component. The goal of this component is to complement the classroom portion of the course by allowing students to learn about the environment through firsthand observation. Experiences both in the laboratory and in the field provide students with important opportunities to: test concepts and principles that are introduced in the classroom, explore specific problems with a depth not easily achieved otherwise, and gain an awareness of the importance of confounding variables that exist in the 'real world.' In these experiences students can employ alternative learning styles to reinforce fundamental concepts and principles. Because all students have a stake in the future of their environment, such activities can motivate students to study environmental science in greater depth.
Laboratory and field investigation activities in the course should be diverse. As examples, students can acquire skills in specific techniques and procedures (such as collecting and analyzing water samples), conduct a long-term study of some local system or environmental problem (such as the pollution of a nearby stream), analyze a real data set (such as mean global temperatures over the past 100 years), and visit a local public facility (such as a water-treatment plant).
Although there is a great diversity in the laboratory and field activities that would be appropriate for the course, they should include the following elements:
1. The activity should always be linked to a major concept in science and to one or more areas of the course outline.
2. The activity should allow students to have direct experience with an organism or system in the environment.
3. The activity should involve observation of phenomena or systems, the collection and analysis of data and/or other information, and the communication of observations and/or results.
The relative magnitudes of these elements may vary from activity to activity. Makers mark font download. As a whole, the course's laboratory and field investigation component should encompass all of the elements. The laboratory and field investigation component of the AP Environmental Science course should challenge the students' abilities to:
- critically observe environmental systems
- develop and conduct well-designed experiments
- utilize appropriate techniques and instrumentation
- analyze and interpret data, including appropriate statistical and graphical presentations
- think analytically and apply concepts to the solution of environmental problems
- make conclusions and evaluate their quality and validity
- propose further questions for study
- communicate accurately and meaningfully about observations and conclusions.
Sample Laboratory and Field Investigations
Eighteen sample laboratory/field investigations are described below. (Pages 10-18 of the APES Course Description — not shown here.) It should be noted that these activities are provided here as examples only; they are NOT meant to represent a required or complete laboratory/field investigation program. Each sample activity is cross-referenced to the major topic in the topic outline (I-VI) to which it is relevant and to possible resources (by author) for the activity. A brief list of the materials and equipment required for each sample activity is also included.
Due to the broad scope and interdisciplinary nature of environmental science, the laboratory and field investigation activities should be drawn from many areas of scientific study, such as biology, ecology, chemistry, physics, geology, meteorology, and oceanography. The laboratory/field component of the AP Environmental Science course should include a diversity of experiences (e.g., experimental design, structural observation, field trips, and analysis of existing sets of data). It is not likely that a single laboratory manual can serve to effectively address the diverse elements of the course.
Many teachers' questions can be answered by reading the above directive. For example, there are no set series of labs that must be completed as part of the course. I also explain that the above statement gives the APES teachers a great deal of flexibility when it comes to the types of labs and field trips they carry out. Depending on their school's location, students could perform water tests on a freshwater lake in the midwestern U.S., a river in the Northeast, or an estuary and marine environment on the West Coast! In each case, the teacher exposes the students to all of the necessary concepts and skills that are involved to perform the experiments and provides them with a valuable hands-on experience that fulfills the objectives of the above narrative. So, rather than the lab section being a daunting experience for APES teachers, I encourage them to look at it from the viewpoint of an exciting opportunity for them to put their own creativity into the course and really gear it toward the needs of the students, taking into account what their own locations have to offer. No matter where you live in the U.S., you have access to water, soil, and air — right? So there are at least three areas of study for your students!
I also encourage teachers to attend workshops relating to the APES course and check out the electronic discussion group, which often has good advice from other teachers on many aspects of the course, especially lab activities. Get in touch with other APES teachers in your region, as they can be a valuable resource, and look at as many lab manuals and resources as you can in pursuit of good lab ideas! As is stated in the APES Course Description, there is no one lab manual that covers the diversity of topics in the course, although there are numerous to choose from to have on the shelf for reference. I have found that most APES teachers choose a lab or two from one book, some from another, and so on. In many cases, teachers modify the lab in some way to best suit their own needs. The following list is a selection of lab manuals to look at:
Bellamy, Mary Louise and Kathy Frame. Jcb telehandler spare parts manual. Biology on a Shoestring. Reston, Virginia: National Association of Biology Teachers, 1995. www.nabt.org/
Brower, James E., Jerrold H. Zar, and Carl N. von Ende. Field and Laboratory Methods in General Ecology, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
www.mhhe.com/catalogs/sem/enviro_sci/index.mhtml?newcat=yes&file=/catalogs/pae-812
Campbell, Gayla, and Steve Wildberger. The Monitor's Handbook. Chestertown, Maryland: LaMotte Company, 1992. www.lamotte.com/pages/edu/handbook.html
Enger, Eldon D., and Bradley F. Smith. Field and Laboratory Exercises in Environmental Science, 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2000. www.mhhe.com/catalogs/sem/enviro_sci/
Mitchell, Mark K., and William B. Stapp. Field Manual for Water Quality Monitoring, 12th ed. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore, Inc., 2000. www.lamotte.com/pages/edu/handbook.html
Roa, Michael L. Environmental Science Activities Kit. West Nyack, New York: Center for Applied Research on Education, 2002. www.josseybass.com/cda/home
Rocket, C. Lee, and Kenneth J. Van Dellen. Laboratory Manual for Miller's Living in the Environment, Environmental Science, and Sustaining the Earth, 4th ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1993. www.wadsworth.com
Environmental Science Lab Manual Answers Free
Rosenthal, Dorothy B. Environmental Science Activities. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995. www.wiley.com/
Tomera, Audrey N. Understanding Basic Ecological Concepts. Portland, Maine: J. Weston Walch, 1989. http://web.walch.com/jww_index.html
Environmental Science Lab Manual Answers Answer
Background to APES Labs on the Web
The Environmental Literacy Council, as part of a project with the U.S. Department of Education, has a goal to develop a full collection of labs and investigations for each of the topics included in the College Board's Course Description for Advanced Placement Environmental Science. When they began this work they noted:
The lab manuals that accompany the environmental science textbooks cover some of these topics, but not all of them.
In some topics, there is a dearth of suitable labs (plate tectonics, for example).
A number of the labs in several of the manuals and of those submitted by teachers were too simplistic for an upper-level lab science course.
Available labs didn't include newer research methods such as geographic information systems or life cycle analyses.
The Council, therefore, proposed to collect from experienced environmental science teachers, other science organizations, and publications in other related disciplines (such as biology or chemistry manuals) a set of labs for each of the lab topics included in the AP Course Description.
In summary, the project activities include:
Review by Council members of print lab manuals to see where the gaps are;
Convening of group of experienced environmental science teachers to see what their needs (and constraints) are;
Collection by staff of potentially suitable labs and investigations from a variety of print and online resources;
Solicitation of labs and investigations from environmental science teacher community;
Review by Council members of labs for scientific rigor and methodological appropriateness;
Review by a group of environmental science teachers for classroom utility, including considerations such as cost of materials, time required, and clarity of instructions.
Once the initial set of labs is complete and published online, the goal is to continually refine and build the collection through feedback from teachers and by adding new resources that become available.
The College Board established the AP Central Web site as a resource for teachers, and material continues to be produced for the environmental science section. The College Board also had a desire to establish a lab section for APES teachers on the Web site.
Early on in my one-semester sabbatical, in late January 2003, I had a meeting with representatives of the Environmental Literacy Council and the College Board, in order to ascertain how best to collaborate on a joint venture. Everyone concerned had the same goals, and pooling our resources would be in the best interest of the undertaking. It was agreed that:
The Council could provide scientific review of the collection of labs submitted by teachers; Council staff will supplement labs submitted by teachers with additional labs and resources links, including sources of data for investigations. Development of a common template for submitting labs would benefit both the Council and the College Board and could be used widely among science education institutions. The College Board provides a link to the environmental science teacher community and could bring the most experienced and thoughtful educators to the project. We believe it makes sense to share resources.
The project fell into two phases. The first involved establishing an environmental science lab advisory group to discuss issues relating to labs and fieldwork and to determine what constitutes a good APES lab. Another outcome of the work of this group was to develop a common template for submitting labs for publication on the Web sites of the College Board and the Environmental Literacy Council. The second phase was the production of at least 10 APES labs to be ready to post on the Web by the summer of 2003. It should be noted that this lab project initiative does NOT mean that in the future the APES course will be requiring or mandating designated lab activities similar to the AP Biology course. This project is simply another way to respond to the needs of APES teachers and to provide some ideas for lab and field activities. Posting example labs on the Web sites of both the Environmental Literacy Council and the College Board will provide greater accessibility for all environmental science teachers.
Biology 101 Lab Manual Answers
Dean Goodwin has been involved in designing and implementing environmental curricula since the late 1980s and is currently the director of environmental education at Kimball Union Academy in Meriden, New Hampshire. He teaches a variety of environmental courses up to the AP level, utilizing an experiential, problem-based learning approach. Dean holds a bachelor's degree in biochemistry (Salford University, England), and a combined Ph.D./PGCE in chemistry/science education (Leicester University, England). Dean is a Question Leader at the APES Reading, a member APES Development Committee, and the author of the new Teacher's Guide for APES.
Full Lab ReportFormat
Whenwe do a full lab report (when appropriate, generally once per cycle), here are thesections you should include and a description of each. When you're writing alab report, please pull this out or see my website where it is always posted! It'simportant to follow the guidelines. They are designed to model most college labreports and papers (lab reports) written in the wider scientific community forscience 'journals.'
Sections:
(Sections should be titled and appear in thisorder)
Just as there are many reasons why teachers need guidance on APES labs, there are many different solutions that teachers could pursue in determining a good set of labs to use in their classes. Let's start at the beginning and look at what the APES Course Description says about lab and field activities.
The following narrative is taken from the APES Course Description. It is the section that is specific to APES lab and field activities. I tell teachers that they need to keep this description in mind as they design the lab and field component for their own course.
Laboratory and Field Investigation (pages 9 and 10 in the APES Course Description)
Because it is designed to be a course in environmental science rather than in environmental studies, the AP Environmental Science course must include a strong laboratory and field investigation component. The goal of this component is to complement the classroom portion of the course by allowing students to learn about the environment through firsthand observation. Experiences both in the laboratory and in the field provide students with important opportunities to: test concepts and principles that are introduced in the classroom, explore specific problems with a depth not easily achieved otherwise, and gain an awareness of the importance of confounding variables that exist in the 'real world.' In these experiences students can employ alternative learning styles to reinforce fundamental concepts and principles. Because all students have a stake in the future of their environment, such activities can motivate students to study environmental science in greater depth.
Laboratory and field investigation activities in the course should be diverse. As examples, students can acquire skills in specific techniques and procedures (such as collecting and analyzing water samples), conduct a long-term study of some local system or environmental problem (such as the pollution of a nearby stream), analyze a real data set (such as mean global temperatures over the past 100 years), and visit a local public facility (such as a water-treatment plant).
Although there is a great diversity in the laboratory and field activities that would be appropriate for the course, they should include the following elements:
1. The activity should always be linked to a major concept in science and to one or more areas of the course outline.
2. The activity should allow students to have direct experience with an organism or system in the environment.
3. The activity should involve observation of phenomena or systems, the collection and analysis of data and/or other information, and the communication of observations and/or results.
The relative magnitudes of these elements may vary from activity to activity. Makers mark font download. As a whole, the course's laboratory and field investigation component should encompass all of the elements. The laboratory and field investigation component of the AP Environmental Science course should challenge the students' abilities to:
- critically observe environmental systems
- develop and conduct well-designed experiments
- utilize appropriate techniques and instrumentation
- analyze and interpret data, including appropriate statistical and graphical presentations
- think analytically and apply concepts to the solution of environmental problems
- make conclusions and evaluate their quality and validity
- propose further questions for study
- communicate accurately and meaningfully about observations and conclusions.
Sample Laboratory and Field Investigations
Eighteen sample laboratory/field investigations are described below. (Pages 10-18 of the APES Course Description — not shown here.) It should be noted that these activities are provided here as examples only; they are NOT meant to represent a required or complete laboratory/field investigation program. Each sample activity is cross-referenced to the major topic in the topic outline (I-VI) to which it is relevant and to possible resources (by author) for the activity. A brief list of the materials and equipment required for each sample activity is also included.
Due to the broad scope and interdisciplinary nature of environmental science, the laboratory and field investigation activities should be drawn from many areas of scientific study, such as biology, ecology, chemistry, physics, geology, meteorology, and oceanography. The laboratory/field component of the AP Environmental Science course should include a diversity of experiences (e.g., experimental design, structural observation, field trips, and analysis of existing sets of data). It is not likely that a single laboratory manual can serve to effectively address the diverse elements of the course.
Many teachers' questions can be answered by reading the above directive. For example, there are no set series of labs that must be completed as part of the course. I also explain that the above statement gives the APES teachers a great deal of flexibility when it comes to the types of labs and field trips they carry out. Depending on their school's location, students could perform water tests on a freshwater lake in the midwestern U.S., a river in the Northeast, or an estuary and marine environment on the West Coast! In each case, the teacher exposes the students to all of the necessary concepts and skills that are involved to perform the experiments and provides them with a valuable hands-on experience that fulfills the objectives of the above narrative. So, rather than the lab section being a daunting experience for APES teachers, I encourage them to look at it from the viewpoint of an exciting opportunity for them to put their own creativity into the course and really gear it toward the needs of the students, taking into account what their own locations have to offer. No matter where you live in the U.S., you have access to water, soil, and air — right? So there are at least three areas of study for your students!
I also encourage teachers to attend workshops relating to the APES course and check out the electronic discussion group, which often has good advice from other teachers on many aspects of the course, especially lab activities. Get in touch with other APES teachers in your region, as they can be a valuable resource, and look at as many lab manuals and resources as you can in pursuit of good lab ideas! As is stated in the APES Course Description, there is no one lab manual that covers the diversity of topics in the course, although there are numerous to choose from to have on the shelf for reference. I have found that most APES teachers choose a lab or two from one book, some from another, and so on. In many cases, teachers modify the lab in some way to best suit their own needs. The following list is a selection of lab manuals to look at:
Bellamy, Mary Louise and Kathy Frame. Jcb telehandler spare parts manual. Biology on a Shoestring. Reston, Virginia: National Association of Biology Teachers, 1995. www.nabt.org/
Brower, James E., Jerrold H. Zar, and Carl N. von Ende. Field and Laboratory Methods in General Ecology, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
www.mhhe.com/catalogs/sem/enviro_sci/index.mhtml?newcat=yes&file=/catalogs/pae-812
Campbell, Gayla, and Steve Wildberger. The Monitor's Handbook. Chestertown, Maryland: LaMotte Company, 1992. www.lamotte.com/pages/edu/handbook.html
Enger, Eldon D., and Bradley F. Smith. Field and Laboratory Exercises in Environmental Science, 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2000. www.mhhe.com/catalogs/sem/enviro_sci/
Mitchell, Mark K., and William B. Stapp. Field Manual for Water Quality Monitoring, 12th ed. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore, Inc., 2000. www.lamotte.com/pages/edu/handbook.html
Roa, Michael L. Environmental Science Activities Kit. West Nyack, New York: Center for Applied Research on Education, 2002. www.josseybass.com/cda/home
Rocket, C. Lee, and Kenneth J. Van Dellen. Laboratory Manual for Miller's Living in the Environment, Environmental Science, and Sustaining the Earth, 4th ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1993. www.wadsworth.com
Environmental Science Lab Manual Answers Free
Rosenthal, Dorothy B. Environmental Science Activities. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995. www.wiley.com/
Tomera, Audrey N. Understanding Basic Ecological Concepts. Portland, Maine: J. Weston Walch, 1989. http://web.walch.com/jww_index.html
Environmental Science Lab Manual Answers Answer
Background to APES Labs on the Web
The Environmental Literacy Council, as part of a project with the U.S. Department of Education, has a goal to develop a full collection of labs and investigations for each of the topics included in the College Board's Course Description for Advanced Placement Environmental Science. When they began this work they noted:
The lab manuals that accompany the environmental science textbooks cover some of these topics, but not all of them.
In some topics, there is a dearth of suitable labs (plate tectonics, for example).
A number of the labs in several of the manuals and of those submitted by teachers were too simplistic for an upper-level lab science course.
Available labs didn't include newer research methods such as geographic information systems or life cycle analyses.
The Council, therefore, proposed to collect from experienced environmental science teachers, other science organizations, and publications in other related disciplines (such as biology or chemistry manuals) a set of labs for each of the lab topics included in the AP Course Description.
In summary, the project activities include:
Review by Council members of print lab manuals to see where the gaps are;
Convening of group of experienced environmental science teachers to see what their needs (and constraints) are;
Collection by staff of potentially suitable labs and investigations from a variety of print and online resources;
Solicitation of labs and investigations from environmental science teacher community;
Review by Council members of labs for scientific rigor and methodological appropriateness;
Review by a group of environmental science teachers for classroom utility, including considerations such as cost of materials, time required, and clarity of instructions.
Once the initial set of labs is complete and published online, the goal is to continually refine and build the collection through feedback from teachers and by adding new resources that become available.
The College Board established the AP Central Web site as a resource for teachers, and material continues to be produced for the environmental science section. The College Board also had a desire to establish a lab section for APES teachers on the Web site.
Early on in my one-semester sabbatical, in late January 2003, I had a meeting with representatives of the Environmental Literacy Council and the College Board, in order to ascertain how best to collaborate on a joint venture. Everyone concerned had the same goals, and pooling our resources would be in the best interest of the undertaking. It was agreed that:
The Council could provide scientific review of the collection of labs submitted by teachers; Council staff will supplement labs submitted by teachers with additional labs and resources links, including sources of data for investigations. Development of a common template for submitting labs would benefit both the Council and the College Board and could be used widely among science education institutions. The College Board provides a link to the environmental science teacher community and could bring the most experienced and thoughtful educators to the project. We believe it makes sense to share resources.
The project fell into two phases. The first involved establishing an environmental science lab advisory group to discuss issues relating to labs and fieldwork and to determine what constitutes a good APES lab. Another outcome of the work of this group was to develop a common template for submitting labs for publication on the Web sites of the College Board and the Environmental Literacy Council. The second phase was the production of at least 10 APES labs to be ready to post on the Web by the summer of 2003. It should be noted that this lab project initiative does NOT mean that in the future the APES course will be requiring or mandating designated lab activities similar to the AP Biology course. This project is simply another way to respond to the needs of APES teachers and to provide some ideas for lab and field activities. Posting example labs on the Web sites of both the Environmental Literacy Council and the College Board will provide greater accessibility for all environmental science teachers.
Biology 101 Lab Manual Answers
Dean Goodwin has been involved in designing and implementing environmental curricula since the late 1980s and is currently the director of environmental education at Kimball Union Academy in Meriden, New Hampshire. He teaches a variety of environmental courses up to the AP level, utilizing an experiential, problem-based learning approach. Dean holds a bachelor's degree in biochemistry (Salford University, England), and a combined Ph.D./PGCE in chemistry/science education (Leicester University, England). Dean is a Question Leader at the APES Reading, a member APES Development Committee, and the author of the new Teacher's Guide for APES.
Full Lab ReportFormat
Whenwe do a full lab report (when appropriate, generally once per cycle), here are thesections you should include and a description of each. When you're writing alab report, please pull this out or see my website where it is always posted! It'simportant to follow the guidelines. They are designed to model most college labreports and papers (lab reports) written in the wider scientific community forscience 'journals.'
Sections:
(Sections should be titled and appear in thisorder)
Introduction:
A paragraph or two including thebackground info. needed for the lab, the purpose of the lab, and a hypothesisif applicable. Imagine that you are someone outside APES that wants to read a reportabout what you did. What background info would they need to understand it? (It'sprobably the background info. we've covered leading into the lab!) Often itflows best to start with the background info and end with the lab purpose asthe last sentence of the introduction.
Materials & Methods:
A paragraph summary of theprocedure. This is NOT a detailed re-typing of the procedure step by step(that doesn't have much value). Summarize what we did. For example, you couldsay that we made ozone test strips with filter paper and a heated mixture ofcorn starch, potassium iodide, and water. You don't need to include themeasurements of the items, how long they were stirred on a hot plate, etc.
Results (Data):
Any data tables completed in the laband any graphs assigned to represent the results. These should be inserted directlyinto lab report document in this order. I'd be happy to help you with creating datatables, graphs, etc. on the computer and lab report.Just ask!
Analysis of Results:
Answer numbered analysis questionsgiven. (Occasionally I'll leave this part out).
Conclusion
A paragraph including three things:(1) The overall conclusions taken from lab. What statements can you make fromyour data? Think back to the lab'spurpose.
(2) Discussion of any sources of error that could have affected your dataand how reliable your conclusion is. Sources of error don't technically includeyou making mistakes (we're assuming you always measure things correctly, followsteps…). Sources of error include how the lab wasn't designed perfectly causingthe data to not be 100% accurate.
(3): End with why labs and data like this is important in the 'real world'- how the conclusions can be applied to the 'real world.'Forexample, it is really important to know the nutrient content in one's soil as itdirectly affects what plants you can grow and how well they will grow…
